Career Progression And The Career Development - 795 Words

The above quote by Confucius is often quoted, yet job happiness isn’t as easily achieved. One of the reasons behind job dissatisfaction is often the lack of planning. But career progression and the ability find a job that doesn’t feel like work requires meticulous research and focus. In this guide, we’ll explain career progression and the reasons why it’s so important. We’ll provide a four-step plan to help you develop a plan that guarantees you don’t feel left behind when it comes to achieving your career goals. What is career progression? The concept of career progressing is closely tied to the idea of career development. Career development is the lifelong process of managing your circumstances in order to move forward to achieving your personal goals. It’s the management of your education, work and leisure activities in a way that helps you achieve the kind of future you want. As the definition of progress states, progress is â€Å"a process developing gradually towards a more advanced state†. Career progression sees you working towards your ultimate professional goals, little by little. In essence, career progression determines and outlines the route you should follow in order to reach the career development goals you’ve set out for you. For example, your dream career goal might be to own your own business. A career progression plan will help identify the educational and work related steps you should take in order to get closer to this goal and ultimately, to achieveShow MoreRelatedCareer Progression : Career Goals Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesCareer progression is the aim for most workers, but career development is not something most of us think regularly. But without proper understanding of what we want from our career and how we can achieve our goals quicker, we can quickly end up dissatisfied with our jobs. 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In the paragraphs below I will describe key points of how it will improve student learning, foster student development of career awareness, and students will acquire self knowledge to enhance their personal and social development. This tool is useful and effective when applied in state education agencies and is most effective tool for students to transition throughout their academic settings. The ASCA National CrosswalkingRead MoreThe Goals And Motivating And Leading Employees1089 Words   |  5 Pagesrelentlessly drive it to completion† (quotesgram.com). The organization I currently work for has placed a career path ahead of me filled with great personal and professional opportunity, however it will be a new road for me with a steep learning curve. 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Congress Is The Most Powerful Group Of Politicians Within...

The United States congress is the most powerful group of politicians within the Governmental system under the United States Constitution. Congress is the glue that holds the United States together upholding its roles and responsibilities detailed in the Constitution on a daily basis. Which so much power Congress members are held in high regard for what they do, Congress’ main responsibly stems from making laws to declaring war. With all this power and responsibility you would assume that there would be no room for congress to make mistakes or even be dysfunctional. Due to high egos and self-centered politicians, congress has become very dysfunctional,and heavy-handed over the years. As well as the shortcuts Congress members have maneuvered†¦show more content†¦Another major issues is party dominance in each house and its relation to the President. Congress members are elected individually and not by party. For example, If many Democratic’s win seats in the Sena te, then the Senate is controlled by the Democrats and Vice Versa for the Republicans. However, the issue is deeper than just one House being controlled by one specific party. Imagine a Democratic Controlled Senate and a Republican controlled House of Representatives all under a Democratic President. This is precisely the issue that President Barack Obama has been faced with over the past 8 years, but he had to deal with both chambers being Republican Controlled. This made his job a whole lot harder, he was constantly faced with having to fight Congress to pass bills and laws under which he oversaw legislature. To this day Congress continues to beat him down and is determined have him as merely a statistic by not passing his ObamaCare Act. Congress can also be seen as dysfunctional due to the constitution. When the constitution was drafted it was to govern the country for that period of time, to this day some of the same rules of the constitution are being enforced many consists of the procedures in which congress functions. These procedures sometimes make it difficult to pass laws through the House and Senate as they cause a blockage in a modern system. But in order to modify it, majority of the members have to be in agreement of the amendment. Many

Certificate IV in Ageing Support

Question: Discuss about the Certificate IV in Ageing Support. Answer: Responding to people from diverse cultural background: Situation 1- While providing support services to community, once I came across a person from ethic community of Australia. As he had different social and cultural beliefs about illness, I tried to understand his needs. Action 1- The person was not fluent in English and has his own dialect to communicate. I tried to understand his problem by non-verbal gestures and body language. While interacting with him, I was respectful towards him and gave him enough time to respond. I used indirect questions and also clarified whether he understood the meaning of the words. Outcome 1- It made the person comfortable and I got to know his problem. Situation 2- Once I provided support and care service to an aged Catholic who was depressed. Action 2- For me knowing about his problem which leads to depression was important to provide appropriate care and support. I asked him questions about his culture and personal history to examine difference in his culture from my own. I patiently listened to understand the conflicts in his life and situations leading to his current condition. Outcome 2- Appropriate relationship was established through listening and knowing about his cultural beliefs. Situation 3- Once I was involved in a group discussion where people from mainstream culture were dominating the discussion and people from minority culture remained silent. Action 3- I came to know that in some culture, it is customary for them to maintain silence for them before speaking. Women in ethnic minority groups do not speak up because their societies do not regard them as an important contributor of society. I held a personal meeting with the quieter people and encouraged them to speak. I also tried to ask what would make them comfortable in speaking. Outcome- 3- This meeting with the quieter people helped them to speak. Changes noticed within oneself Situation 1- Earlier I was not aware of diverse ideas about cultural difference in community. I judged people from my socio-cultural view point; however this course helped me to understand the diverse socio-cultural beliefs of people from different cultural background. This knowledge helped me in effectively interact with such people. Action 1- The change I find in me is that now I value and respect diversity of each cultural groups. I learned that people from different cultural background have their own style of communication and health beliefs. They take their action on those beliefs. I learnt how the migration experience affected their lives and attitude. The awareness about denial of different rights and exposure to violence helped me understand their needs in a better way and respond accordingly to make their lives better. Outcome- I achieved cross-cultural competence in dealing with such person. Safe work practices Situation- Action taken for workplace risk assessment Action- The following actions were taken to identify workplace risk: Examined past accident or risk in the workplace. Consulted employee about any safety issues or workplace hazards. Inspection and documentation of workplace environment by means of appropriate tool. Analyzed events that might take place due to presence of certain structure or process at the workplace. Evaluation of the severity of harm in different risk category. Outcome- Risk in workplace was identified and risk level rating helped in documenting required action to eliminate the risk. Work legally and ethically Situation 1- As a primary carer in hospital, a women came with serious head injuries for which she needed surgery immediately. However her husband died in the accident and she refused to sign the consent form unless informed about him. Action 1- According to National Competency standard for registered nurse, it is necessary to practice in accordance with legislation affecting nursing practice. According to legal requirement, without informed consent, surgery was not possible. The ethical code of non-malefecence and beneficence avoided me to inform patient about her husbands death. However I gave priority to the ethical code of autonomy so that patient knows about her husband and also gives consent for surgery. Outcome 1- Legal and ethical code for nursing practice was followed. Situation 2- Caring for an aged person as a community service worker. Action 2- As part of ethical principal and standard for aged care, my action needed to be consistent with professional values. I had to be loyal and responsible to avoid any conflict of interest in this group avoiding any harm was also a priority. Hence, while caring for them I indentified the risk and benefit of all intervention for the elderly people. The clients autonomy was balanced according to the best interest of client. Outcome 2- Care was provided within professional boundary. Situation 3- I faced ethical dilemma in community service when a young woman asked for help to arrange an abortion. Action 3- As a community worker, I believed right to life was important for all and I strongly discouraged the women and refused to help her. It was a conflict of interest situation and I avoided any ethical dilemma by stating my professional values do not support this act. Outcome 3- Professional boundary in care was maintained. Situation 1- Ethical dilemma of freedom versus control Action 1- A patient admitted to care service refused to eat due to the sufferings she was having due to her illness. As a carer, it was an ethical dilemma for me as I knew it may harm the patient. I could not force her too, hence I decided to compassionately explain her harmful consequence of avoiding meals and chances of further deterioration in her condition. Outcome 1- Ethical principle of autonomy and beneficence was maintained and patient was ready to eat. Situation 2- Ethical dilemma of truth telling and deception Action 2- A patient was diagnosed with cancer and her family members insisted not to reveal this to patient. However, this may challenge the autonomy and right of patient. I advised the family members that hiding truth may lead to more harm in the future. Outcome 2- Family members were ready to tell about the disease to patient. Situation 3- An elderly person came to the community service and he had diabetes. However, he had no control on his diet and binged on any food items. Action 3- To address the behavioral component of successful aging, the elderly persons lifestyle choices was an ethical dilemma for me. I discussed with him regarding the changes in body due to ageing and diabetes and how eating all types may harm him. Outcome 3- I managed to convince him regarding controlling his diet and leading a healthy life style. Workplace improvement Situation 1- The lack of hygiene at a care centre for aged was compromising the health and safety conditions of care seekers. Action 1- The staffs practices little hygiene and the premised was very dirty which could seriously harm elderly people with ailments. To maintain safety at work place, I took immediate action to train staffs regarding hygiene issues and all resource was provided to maintain cleanliness and avoid risk of infection. Outcome 1- Improvement in hygiene practice among staff was achieved. Situation 2- There was lack of coordination among staffs regarding their role and responsibility in social service and it was leading to many errors and chaotic situation. Action 2- To support good practice and maintain ethical principles, I arranged effective induction process for staff. The workload management included distributing written policy regarding role of social workers and protecting confidentiality of service users. They were made aware of the importance of alignment of service with social work values to maintain social justice. Outcome 2- Discriminatory behavior and inappropriate practice was addressed. Recognize healthy body system Situation 1- I came to know that a person was in severe depression after the loss of his husband and she hardly interacted with anyone. Action 1- Understanding the inner conflict and grief of the person, I gave her enough time and did not forced anything to her. I was very patient and tried to engage her in activities so that she temporarily forgets her sorrow. After she was comfortable with me, I slowly made realize her real worth in life and how she should aim for the future to make a better life. Outcome 1- It made the person overcome her depression and remove negative thoughts about worthlessness in life. Situation 2- I encountered a person with terminal illness who was in the last stage of his life. Action 2- In case of providing support to people with terminal illness, I shifted my care priorities. The main focus was on relieving pain and emotional distress in the person and maintaining their dignity in death too. I paid special attention to helpful interventions that eased the patients discomfort and helped him to connect with loved ones. Outcome 2- Respite care was achieved as it gave patient a break from the intensity of illness. Situation 3- Caring for elderly people with disability with gait. Action 3- I assessed the elderly person for the cause of gait disorder and found that it was due to arthritis. I arranged exercise program and physical therapy to improve balance, flexibility and muscle strength. Outcome 3- Exercise program helped in improving balance in the affected person. Provider support to people living with dementia Situation 1- Supporting people with dementia who struggle with judgement and finding words. Action 1- I tried to interact with the patient and used short words to avoid any confusion. It tried to give the patient appropriate environment such as well-lit room, clocks, calendars and familiar personal effects. In case the patient turned aggressive, I took care to shift the topic to acknowledge his feelings. In case of delusions, I tried to reinforce reality and provide support to patient. Outcome 1- The patient demonstrated congruent verbal and non-verbal communication. Situation 2- Supporting dementia patient who had difficulty in completing activities of daily living (ADLs). Action 2- First I monitored patient for his ability to perform ADLs and labeled patients cloth with name, address and telephone numbers. The patients food and fluid intake was monitored and assistance was given to patient during means. A bowel and bladder program was initiated to maintain continence and urine retention. Outcome 2- It gave the patient independence in self-care and management of ADLs. Reflection on conversation Situation- After the conversation with primary carer of people with dementia, they revealed challenges in providing person-centered care and providing appropriate recreational activities for them. Action- After this conversation, the affect was that I learned to take short break from caring to avoid burnout. Carers may also develop feelings of guilt, loss and anger. In that case, it is necessary to feel the pain and share it with counselors. Carers are often vulnerable to psychological morbidity and social isolation. Psychosocial interventions help to reduce the burden of care givers and build effective partnership with patients. Outcome- It helped in accurate patient care and providing stimulating environment to patients and carers. Facilitate empowerment of older people Situation 1- Used person-centered approach to care for older people Action 1- According to the standards of person-centered care, I have respected values of older people and passionately interacted with them to understand their physical, psychological and spiritual needs. I held the belief that flexible caring environment should be provide to older people where they are protected from all forms of physical, psychological, social abuse and violation of their rights. As they have many disability and health issues due to illness, they were regularly monitored and assessed for risk of infection, injury, imbalanced liquid volume, impaired verbal communication and many others. Outcome 1- Optimum health and well-being was achieved in older people. Situation 2- Adjusted communication for older people Action 2- Effective communication with older people becomes a challenge due to sensory deficits in them and gap in caring techniques of elderly patients and nurses. Generation gap also poses a problem due to different values and expectation of patient and care provider. The main action taken to overcome these challenges was to modify speech while communicating with elderly people. Altered pitch, touch and verbal expression were included in adjusting communication style with caring for elderly people. Outcome 2- It helped elder people to be satisfied with care given or provided. Situation 3- Assisted older people in necessary activities. Action 3- Cognitive intervention was provided to assist them in necessary life activities. The spatial perception of elderly was improved through memory training. It gave them stress management and memory self-efficacy support. They were given assistance in feeding, bathing and ambulating. Appropriate ambulatory support was provided to them to move without any assistance. Comfortable clothing was given and appropriate physical exercise according to their age was given to help in physical activities. Outcome 3- Elderly people achieved assistance in daily life activities. Situation- Adapting different communication styles to maintain positive relation with co-workers Action- To improve interpersonal relationship at workplace, I have adapted open communication style to discuss regarding issues in open platform. In case of written communication, I ensure that the language is simple yet explanatory so that reader understands my message instantly. To positively collaborate with co-workers, I try to provide correct information regarding work so that they do not have any issue or confusion regarding work. Assertive style of communication helped me to be active listener and negotiation any workplace conflicts. Outcome- Positive relation and team collaboration was achieved between co-workers. Situation- During caring for elderly patients, I tried to assess the client for any fall risk. Action- The assessment of fall risk in patient was done by means of multifactorial assessment. It helped to identify different fall risk factors and it included assessment of fall history, gait, muscle weakness, urinary incontinence, visual impairment, environmental hazards, cognitive impairment and medication review. It was done by appropriate fall risk tools. Outcome- Fall risk was identified and appropriate intervention was provided accordingly. Communicate and work in health Situation 1- Engaging in socio-cultural communication with people from different cultural background. Action 1- I made all attempts to understand the health and cultural beliefs regarding illnesss from these groups. This understanding helped in providing care according to their needs and preference. Outcome 1- Cultural competency in care was achieved. Situation 2- I engaged in culturally appropriate communication technique in addressing person from another culture. Action 2- I used different code of speech patterns and non-verbal communication techniques to establish rapport with the person. Before taking any action, I tried to listen and acknowledged their understanding about their personal issues. Outcome 2- Appropriate cooperative behavior was seen. Situation 3- I adapted different communication approach to manage conflict in community service. Action 3- I tried to listen to the opinion of each party and took honest feedback from them regarding challenges in community service. It helped in identify the area of problem and establishing credibility in the work process. Outcome 3- Conflict management in workplace was achieved. Communication barrier in workplace Situation 1- I faced communication barrier when a person from ethnic minority group was speaking in a different language which I did not knew. Action 1: I tried to understand the persons problem by his body language, hand gestures and non-verbal behavior. Outcome 1: I could interpret what the person wanted to say. Situation 2: I was discussing support options for a client who was a victim of domestic violence and the office environment such as noise and people walking by was acting as barrier in communication. Action 2: I moved to a much quieter place so that the client could concentrate and disclose his feelings to me. Outcome 2: The person was now paying attention to the discussion. Situation 3: I got a lengthy and disorganized message in community service and I was having problem in understanding what exactly I needed to do. Action 3: I paid more attention and whatever I understood I repeated it again to my coordinator to avoid any confusion. Outcome 3: I could overcome the problem in understanding message. Clarification of workplace instruction Situation 1: Instructing nurse regarding preparing a staff for surgery. Action 2: All pre-operation detail about the patient was given to the nurse and she had to assess the patient according to those parameters. She had the responsibility to get everything done one hour before surgery. Outcome 1: As instructed, the task was completed within set time frame. Situation 2: Instruction staff regarding supporting an elderly person in physical exercise. Action 2: All instruction regarding correct way of exercise was provided and he was asked not to over-exert himself to avoid any harm. A stop clock was given to him with duration of time to give for each exercise. Outcome 2: The instruction helped in maintaining accurate exercise routine. Support independence and well-being Situation 1: Care plan for balance disorder in an elderly patient. Action 1: It gave detail on multi-factorial assessment of patients and ways to conduct Timed Up and Go Test. Ambulator assistance was given to him to move at home independently and prevent injury. Outcome 1: The person was able to move independently for short distance. Situation 2: Care plan for elderly people with hip replacement surgery. Action 2: The instruction regarding physical therapy exercise helped me to support the client in contracting and relaxing certain muscles and teaching simple activities like sitting and bending. Outcome 2: It helped strengthen the hip and do slight movement by 1 week. Situation 3: Caring for elderly people in activities of daily living Action 3: Instruction regarding ADLs helped me support the person while bathing, dressing, moving and toileting. The patient was given the correct medicine and reminded about medicine on time. Outcome 3: The elderly people key need was met. Provide individualized support Situation: During my placement in health service, the senior nurse helped in supporting elderly in ADLs. Action: She gave me the idea that elderly people have many disabilities like low vision, hearing problem, balance and disorder problem and trouble in movement. She reminded me that never let them take medicine themselves as due to low vision they may take the wrong medicine. Furthermore she gave me all instruction regarding how to support them during feeding, bathing, dressing and toileting. Outcome: Support was given to client in ADLs. Palliative approach Situation- Caring for a cancer patient in palliative care. Action- I was emotionally drained and exhausted after experiencing the last stage of a person in front of my eyes. The suffering of the person each day made me depressed and I could feel the pain of their family members. Outcome- It brought me closer to the reality of death. Client receiving palliative care Situation 1- Assessment of medication in palliative care patient. Action 1- Only necessary medication was given and all unnecessary medication which may prolong suffering was avoided. Outcome 1- The patient suffering due to medication side-effect was reduced to some extent. Situation 2- Continuous assessment of symptoms and psychological needs of patients. Action 2- All attempts was made to maintain dignity in end stage of life. To meet psychological needs, all things were provided that gave the patient pleasure and happy time. Outcome 2- Prompt care was provided. Situation 3- Deactivation of certain medical device. Action 3- Cardiac defibrillator was deactivated to avoid pain and discomforts to patient. Outcome 3- Optimum care was provided. Issues during documenting arise for each of the client because with chronic illness, they presented many form of physical impairment and internal ailments. It was hard to keep track of care provided for different problems in the patient. Personal support needs Situation 1: Supporting elderly people in ADLs. Action 1: I was involved in assisting the elderly person in dressing, feeding, movement and toileting. I felt very positive when I could immediately respond to the need of the person and made sure that he did not have any hard time. Outcome 1: I gained confidence in assisting people in ADLs. While supporting the above person, I noticed a change in my attitude towards elderly. I was now aware about the changes in body due to aging and their disabilities made me a compassionate service staff. Relationship with carers and family members Situation 1: A patient with kidney problem Action 1: Family members were unaware about the dietary needs of patients with kidney ailments. I gave them diet instruction to avoid any problem. Outcome 1: Risk minimized Situation 2: An elderly person with diabetes. Action 2: The person was resisting controlling diet and his family members were asked to coax him to understand the importance of avoiding sweets to prevent further complication. Outcome 2: Physical needs during diabetes maintained. Situation 3: Supporting elderly people in physical exercise. Action 3: Their family members were also involved to make them understand the right way of exercise and correcting the person at home. Outcome 3: Effective physical exercise routine became possible. Action for situation 1: To maintain relationship with family members, they were asked to be patient with the patient and give emotional support to overcome health problem. Action for situation 2: The patient was made aware of his key responsibilities for his family members to avoid eating sweet dishes and control blood glucose level Action for situation 3: Family members were involved in care routine to build compassionate relation with elderly members Intervention for older people Situation 1: An elderly patient with balance disorder. Action 1: The patient was assessed for fall risk through Morse Fall scale. It helped in understanding the risk of fall. Based on the fall risk score, patient was given appropriate environment to prevent fall. Outcome 1: Fall risk minimized Situation 2: Patient with hip replacement surgery. Action 2: The pain level and movement of legs was monitored. Physical therapy was done to help the client strengthen hip muscle and develop their ability to ambulate. Outcome 2: Risk reduced due to physical therapy. Rights of client Situation- A patient with head injury was denied information regarding risk in surgery. Action- To protect the patients right and provide autonomy in care, I insisted all staffs that surgery cannot be done without informed consent. Outcome- Ethical and legal practice was achieved. Situation 1: Patient with hip replacement surgery. Action 1: The pain level and movement of legs was monitored. Physical therapy was done to help the client strengthen hip muscle and develop their ability to ambulate. Outcome 1: Risk reduced due to physical therapy Situation 2: A client was denied the right to autonomy in care and he wanted to know legal complaint process. Action 2: He was asked to fill the grievance form and drop a mail regarding the complain to manager of facility. He was asked to seek legal advice to proceed further. Outcome 2: Legal process explained. Legal and ethical compliance Situation Action Outcome A patient was denied the right to informed consent and the risk associated with surgery was not informed to her earlier. The situation was accurately analyzed to find all those person involved and who were responsible for breach of conduct. Strict actions were taken against them. Impaired practice in staffs due to alcohol or drug abuse Substance abuse places them at both personal and professional abuse. The dilemma was solved by teaching them the ethical principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. It led to practice according to ethical models of care. A nurse failing to exercise nursing care according to professional standard of nursing practice. The situation was analyzed and it was a case of negligence that lead to the incident. The nurse was penalized for the offence and use of mobile phones was banned in the premise. Aged Rights Advocacy Service- It provided guidance on rights of older people, how to identify abuse, take a plan of action and respond to elder abuse. Attached file- https://www.sa.agedrights.asn.au/residential_care/preventing_elder_abuse/policies_and_procedures Collaborative partnerships Situation Action Outcome I had worked with nurse to support elderly people. The nurse made me aware of changes in body due to ageing and how the environment around them was not suitable. It was creating risk of fall in them. Protective environment was provided to elderly person. My partnership with physical therapist. As we were working with older people with balance disorder, the physical therapist gave me the idea regarding appropriate exercise for them to improve quality of life. Appropriate physical exercise according to their needs was provided. My partnership with fall risk assessment team. They gave idea about the structure of premise that might increase risk of fall such as slippery tiles, rugs, spillage, pointed furnitures and many more. The environment around the elderly was modified to prevent them from any injury. To improve networking opportunities for service providers, coordination among them will be promoted and collaborative agreements will be disseminated among them. Networking through sharing newsletters or conference will in improving service. Collaboration will help to build trust and achieve goals together. Effective communication Situation Action Outcome A client gave the feedback that she was not happy with food and hygiene at the hospital. Inspection was done regarding how food was prepared and all process of hygiene at the facility was monitored All poor practice regarding cleanliness was addressed. An elderly patient at the health care clinic gave the feedback that the nurse was inattentive towards her and ignores her whenever she calls him during any problem. As a nurse it is their duty to continuously be available to their patients and provide compassionate care. The nurse was immediately called to know the reason for negligence and another nurse was arranged for the patient. The patients problem was solved. Feedback was taken from elderly people regarding the quality of service provided to them to assist them in ADLs. One of them gave the feedback that although the service was useful, however she could not independently ambulate in her home. Ambulatory device was given to her according to her needs Service improvement achieved. 2. Situation Action Outcome Written communication for rights of elderly. Written policy was prepared regarding rights of aged in the aged care such as legal rights, personal right, right to privacy and many others. Staffs followed this policy. Written instruction for code of conduct in aged care It gave detail on protecting the rights of aged person in care. Staffs became aware of ethical code of conduct Detail about home and community care program for elderly All detail regarding home care package and service package was written. Clients could choose service according to their needs. I faced challenge when a patient was unwilling to sign the consent form for surgery. She was very nervous and she was feeling that it will risk her life. She was informed that physician has carried out all medical assessment to prevent her from any risk and the surgery will benefit her and there is minimum chance of harm. As our hospital reported high rate of falls in patient in the past 6 months, a meeting was held with all staffs to discuss the reason for high fall rate. Based on this discussion, fall risk factors were identified and solutions were proposed to minimize the fall rate. Coordinate service for older people Situation Action Outcome Client with injuries due to fall Coordination with hospital and rehabilitation service was done to promote recovery of patient. Operations for fracture repair were carried out within 24 hours. Prompt action during fall injury became possible Coordinating service for stroke prevention An integrated stroke service was planned consisting of stroke prevention for people at risk, specialist for acute care and rehabilitation and long-term support to patients. It helped in health promotion and stroke prevention. Hospital care for elderly Hospital need was addressed in accordance with the stages of emergency response, early assessment, old age specialist care and care in medical wards. It helped to meet the needs of elderly people. Service planning and delivery Situation Action Outcome Planning of services for older people with disability The plan of action was to make support services easily accessible to these groups and engage in efficient consultation process. Support service access provided to elderly people with disability Planning for mental health in elderly people The plan was early recognition and management of mental health by accurate diagnosis. The service reviewed to assess individual care plan and assessment process. It led to promotion of mental health in aged care. Planning services to prevent fall in elderly Planning process regarding referring older people to appropriate service such fall service for assessment or to hospital in case of injuries. It helped to identify needs of prevention or treatment in patient.

Event Management Church of England Ceremony

Question: Jane and Pete live in Brighton and they would like to get married somewhere in Ealing in August 2015. They have no idea whether they would like a Church of England or a Civil ceremony. Explain the procedure to them for a Church of England ceremony and a Civil ceremony, the costs of each, the pros and cons of each, the timeline for booking the ceremony and all the legal requirements. Answer: Introduction In the wedding ceremonial, a couple makes an open pronouncement of a lifetime promise to love each other. A promise, by its nature, is a test. Saying I will to those swears gratifies one to pardon and be pardoned. It is said that marriages are a risk and its worth taking the risk. Evidence shows that married couples are mentally and physically healthier as compared to the bachelors and spinsters. The details of a civil ceremony and a Church of England ceremony are discussed below: Civil ceremony A civil ceremony is just a nonreligious; legitimate wedding ceremony controlled by a lawful official as an alternative of a religious one. It can take place either in a Registrar Office or any licenced venue as per the couples decision (Warner, 2006). Legal Procedures If one wishes to get married in a civil ceremony, provisional booking of the selected venue should be done first. The next step is to contact the Administrator Registrar in the province of the selected venue .Then the couple need to submit a notice of their marriage at Registrar Office in ones residential province. An individuals details like name, nationality, date of birth and place of residence is needed to specifically mention on the marriage notice (Dittgen, 1995. It is to be noted that the marriage notice is supposed to be given at the Register Office where one live. One or both of the prospective partners must have been a resident in that particular district for at least seven day or more. Then there is a waiting period of fifteen days before an individual is eligible to get married. The process can even take twenty eight days to complete and if there is case of immigration involved, then it could take up to seventy days time. Lastly, per the couples chosen date and time, the Registration Staff will be available to perform the marriage ceremony. The marriage notice can also be submitted up to one year ahead of the planned wedding. The pros and cons of a civil ceremony It best suited for couples who do not come from the same religious backgrounds as they can avoid issues related to inter-faith ceremonies. A civil ceremony can also be more creative than the Church of England ceremony as there is no need to take permission from the clergy to include interpretations from a poem or a book, popular songs for your ceremonial and recessional, or Buddhist rituals or recital art (Monger, 2013). The decision of the venue, too, resides on the hosts decision, whether they select a beach, a country house, hotels, banquet hall, and park, county estate or the Register Office, as per the couples taste and it is not mandatory for an individual to be a resident of the place he or she intend to get married at. Most importantly, it is time-saving because it is legally obligatory and a visit to city hall for obtaining a marriage licence is not required. Many venues also provide the reception option. Most civil ceremonies are shorter than Church of England wedding cerem onies. However, a civil ceremony also has its own share of shortcomings. For instance, one cannot include hymns, spiritual interpretations or prayers in the ceremony. The music selection, performance or any act that are part of the ceremony are supposed to be non-religious in nature. Even the venue has to be legally approved. Also the couple are required to bring two witnesses each. A civil ceremony officiates criteria varies from state to state. Mainly it can be a court judge, an attorney, a county clerk, a public lawyer or a justice of peace. In some cases a family member or a close friend can also be an officiate (Reid, 1996). Venues The popular venues for a civil ceremony are listed below for the couples consideration: Hammersmith Riverside Events at Auriol Kensington Rowing Club Duffield House Ewell Court House One Great George Street Sattavis Patidar Centre The Conservatory at Painshill Park Plaisterers Hall Inn On The Lake The Waters Edge Bar and Restaurant Cost of a civil ceremony In order to obtain a marriage certificate on the day of marriage, one is required to pay4. Once it is archived, after two months maximum, 15 fee is supposed to be paid for a copy. Again the marriage notice will cost 47 with the additional cost of the entire ceremony which varies according to the day and time of the ceremony. The below table will make the concept clear. Particular Days on which the ceremony would take place Cost of Civil ceremony before 5:30pm Cost of Civil ceremony after 5:30pm Monday to Thursday 149/ 304 354 Friday 174/ 354 454 Saturday 254/ 354 454 Sunday 329/ 504 654 Bank Holidays 654 754 Church of England ceremony If you wish to get married in a Church of England ceremony, you are supposed to speak first to the priest of the church as per the choice of your church and the rest will follow (Hill, Sandberg, Doe, 2011). Legal procedures For those who all are planning their wedding in a Church of England ceremony, must give a notice of their intention to get married. The marriage can take place only if one or both of the parties involved, are resident. Banns are arranged by minister, who is intended to register the marriage, on three consecutive Sundays before the big day. Age plays a vital role in the authorising of the wedding ceremony. One need to be eighteen years old and above to be eligible for marriage. Time is a constraint as a Church of England ceremony can only take place between 8am and 6pm. Also, the priest will let the couple know if a Special License or a Common License is needed (Monger, 2013). Pros and cons of the ceremony There are a couple of advantages to this kind of wedding ceremony. The prime benefit being the essence of spirituality or divinity that is brought by a Church of England wedding ceremony. No matter what either partners belief is, both desire help and guidance from God and look for the divine blessing. One can even make long and wonderful vows in public in the presence of God (Cressy, 1985). The priest plays an important part in these weddings as they can help make the ceremony personal, meaningful and memorable for the couple and the guests. Also the church edifices, old or new, offer such a beautiful wedding venues with their traditional and grand structures. They even offer the perfect serene and peaceful atmosphere. However, the cost of a Church of England ceremony is higher, in most cases, compared to a civil ceremony. Also the issue arises if the marriage is an inter-caste or same-sex marriage. Also one of the partners needs to be a resident of the place where he or she intends to get married at. Venues The popular churches for a Church of England ceremony are listed below for the couples consideration St Marys Church Peters Church Barnabas Church Pauls Church Cost of a Church of England ceremony The table content below will give a clear idea about the various charges involved in a Church of England ceremony: Services Cost Publication of Banns 28 Certificate of Banns (if required) 13 Marriage Certificate 4 Marriage Service 413 It should be noted that the above table does not include the charges of heating, music, bells and flowers. Conclusion Marriages are important in every culture and religion (Hamilton, 1824). It is part of Gods good plan for an individual and factually, a good marriage makes a person happy both internally and externally. Be it a civil ceremony or a Church of England ceremony, the prime objective of a marriage is personal satisfaction and self-gratification. However, the idea of both kinds of ceremonies discussed would help the couple to choose the kind of ceremony they would prefer. Hopefully, the report, with its insight on the two ceremonies, would help the couple make the best decision. References 1. Thomas, L. Marriage in England and Wales | Wedding Guide UK. [online] Weddingguideuk.com. Available at: https://www.weddingguideuk.com/marriage-in-england-and-wales/ 2. Warner, D. (2006). Diane Warner's contemporary guide to wedding ceremonies. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books.3. Yourchurchwedding.org, Welcome to YourChurchWedding.org from the Church of England. [online] Available at: https://www.yourchurchwedding.org/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015].4. Dittgen, A. (1995). The form of marriage in Europe: Civil ceremony, religious ceremony. Survey and trends. Population an English Selection, 95-123.5. Monger, G. (2013). Marriage Customs of the World: An Encyclopedia of Dating Customs and Wedding Traditions, Expanded Second Edition [2 Volumes]. Abc-clio.6. Reid, D. A. (1996). Weddings, Weekdays, Work and Leisure in Urban England 1791-1911: The Decline of Saint Monday Revisited. Past and Present, 135-163.7. Cressy, D. (1985). The seasonality of marriage in old and new England. Journal of I nterdisciplinary History, 1-21.8. Hill, M., Sandberg, R. and Doe, N. (2011). Religion and law in the United Kingdom. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.9. Marriageencounter.org.uk,. Marriage Encounter Anglican Expression Marriage Enrichment Weekends. [online] Available at: https://www.marriageencounter.org.uk [Accessed 22 Mar. 2015].10. Hamilton, A. (1824). Marriage rites, customs, and ceremonies. London: Robins.

Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility Essay Example

Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility Essay Corporate strategy is an important planning process within a company that links strategies with functions of corporation. Nowadays, social responsibility has developed rapidly and corporations are pressured to do their part in conserving social, economic and environment. Handel is now in the verge of integrating its social responsibilities into its corporate strategies for the group. Part of this process can be derived and analyzed from the case study which I have extracted to explain below. Handel is a family owned international corporation that has an ownership of ever 600 family members. Handel has Strong desire for low risk investment and had been looking for ways to diversify its current portfolio. At present, as a family run company, the family has decided to let outsiders to run the operation in order to be transparent on corporate governance and at the same time maximizing shareholder wealth. I think the management first challenge is to face Handels big group of diverse shareholders. Each shareholder will have different perspectives and references. As Handel employs external managers to run the business, the external team still needs o meet the shareholders demand from the shareholders meeting. Diversity of shareholders maybe resulted in many different objectives the shareholders wanted to deliberate, discuss or to be agreed and carried forward by the management. Sorting out the shareholders need and wants in accordance to priorities is already a huge challenge. We will write a custom essay sample on Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Engaging these shareholders to derive a clear policy on strategies is another challenge. Family members who are shareholders only meet at the shareholder meeting for briefing and finalizing several policies and time factor is the main constraint. Challenge can be observed from financial perspective. Handel commonly gives 25% of the Groups annual net income to family members. Family members are only accepted to sell or transfer Handel shares to each other to maintain the family owned corporation. This clause will under all circumstances plough away certain proportion of the profit from reinvestment in business. This clause also has made the matter worst when financial results showed reduction of profits and cash flow for the last few years. The financial overview as shown in the financial report highlighted poor performance from investments, dividends, profitability and cash flow etc. These challenges also lead to the management to seek diversification of its current projects to cut risks. Diversified and restructured portfolios are the aims given to its management. However, diversification will lead Handel to face another challenge for management as they need to source out for the right investment and business for entire Handel Group. This challenge is made more difficult in the poor global economic performance recently, and Handels team needed to handpick the right company for investment. As Handel now favors more small but innovative company who has yet to make its mark in the market, the worrying question is how many of them can really succeed. Handel is a family owned corporation, so it generally considers as safe investments and the managements have been avoiding venture capitalists. But in doing so, the management needs more attention to divest their investment in smaller investments and extensive monitoring, staffing and meeting may be required. Ill. THE ALIGNMENT OF HANDELS CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY STRATEGY AND CORPORATE STRATEGY Corporate responsibility and sustainability are both important roles for Handel to achieve higher competitive advantages in market. Corporate social responsibility seems a fundamental component of corporate strategy. It reflects that Handel focuses on its stakeholder and strategy. Through Handels survey, corporate social responsibility was regarded as a significant strategy for Handel Group where business life cycle Were observed, divisions played the importance of sustainability leading to an increase of media attention. Besides, Handel has five divisions that have different regional focus, business models and value chains. Each division also has individual corporate responsibility activities. Lately, Handel creates an umbrella function to take into account the new corporate responsibility for combine the adjustment of the business portfolio. The new corporate responsibility is a common corporate responsibility strategy and an explicit framework which can be aligned by adopting a common Handel value. Handel combined corporate strategy with corporate responsibility strategy rooted by Christian ethics and characterized by the representation of the respectable salesman. A common value will help to share common understanding between corporate strategic planning and corporate social responsibility planning. At the end of 2008 Handel created small team at the corporate center to align the corporate strategy with the development of the corporate accessibility strategy. This activity applied triple bottom line on Handels main corporation strategy which wanted the group to look into ups (product, planet and profitability), where product and planet belongs to corporate social responsibility. Handel harmonize the needs of environment, customers and company by applying corporate responsibility to corporate activities along the value chain and beyond the value chain. Handel Group Conference managed the corporate responsibility strategies reflected by the annual top management meeting. Finally, Handel has the Sustainability Council to ensure that corporate responsibility and corporate social responsibility are both aligned and systematically implemented. Handel is also aware of the understanding Of the sustainability strategy which gives benefits for stakeholders in order to align with its corporate strategy in long term goal such as expandable market consumption. IV. MEASURING INDICATOR FOR HANDEL Each division has different structures and roles but divisions can work together to focus on sustainable business. Handels corporate responsibility strategy follows people-planet-profit approach (UP). Therefore, I think this treated can be measured by the criteria of Global Reporting Initiative (GRID). GRID 3. 1 is the current tool for guidelines in preparing the report for sustainability. The criteria of GRID 3. 1 are used to evaluate Handels corporate responsibility strategy performance. I detect the ups strategy above will link to employees (appendix 1), added value chain (appendix 2), innovation (appendix 3) and charitable efforts. According to Labor Practices and Decent Work in GRID 3. 1, Handel improves internal education options introduced by an international management system. This system provides for employee raining (LAB, 10). Environmental and safety standards are also to be raised. Handel identifies potential sources of risk to avoid accidents (49). Next, Handel gives benefits of pensions for employees in order to make a good work-life balance (ALAI). Additionally, environment is an important issue nowadays; therefore, Handel understands to protect resources. The holding company provides a green car policy to reduce CA limitation (KNEE). Employees who take company car not only save money for yearly railways ticket but also contribute to their private pension. Green car policy is friendly tit environment (EN) in order to decrease fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission (EN 18). Through Handels innovation, it optimizes sustainable balance and business model on service logistics, the recycling of raw materials, expansion of green products and transparency in the supply chain. These innovations support Handel to get customers satisfaction by reducing service trips. Handel also promotes human environmental awareness by recycling scraps. Handel focuses on global technical solutions (I. E. The product category of fish) by working with industry partners to prevent illegal behaviors (I. E. Legal fishing). Besides, Handel has contributions to society and economy (SEC 1 Handel has donations to schools and hospitals (I. E. In Disturb-Router). Handel also provides voluntary social benefits (I. E. Workers housing estate and company health insurance). Furthermore, Handel has collaborations with universities to offer practical courses. Handel suppor ts regional education projects by awarding scholarships (OSI These are some contributions that Handel should sustain these activities to raise its corporate responsibility strategy. Final, Handel should refer on criteria of GRID 3. 1 to enhance corporate sustainability responsibility. V. HANDELS SUSTAINABILITY SCORECARD In 2010, Handel focused on sustainable business associated with MA activities may require to find a new tool to measure sustainability. A new tool should measure whether Handel has fulfilled then necessary criteria Of the UP model. At that time, the project team mentioned a public value scorecard that links UP model into five dimensional frameworks (instrumental, financial, economic, political-social, moral-ethical and hedonistic-aesthetic values). Handel used sustainability scorecard to address internal and external perspectives from different stakeholders. Here, simple questionnaires are provided to stakeholders to collect viewpoints in order to improve environmental sustainability. In addition, sustainability scorecard can measure the value of financial contribution. Handel estimates risks and costs in product lifestyle to eliminate waste in the supply chain. Scorecards are used by employees and customers to evaluate Handels performance footprint. Moreover, sustainability scorecard is a measurable instrument with regard to political, moral, hedonistic and utilitarian aspects. Handel uses scorecards such as surveys, assessment or codes of product to understand social perspectives. Thus, Handel can make suitable decisions with corporate responsibility strategy. Sustainability scorecard is a significant part of corporate social responsibility. In recent years, multinationals and government organizations are using sustainability scorecards to focus on both quality management and environmental change as both are becoming a serious issue. Hence, supplier scorecards have been issuing in accordance with quality management and social compliance. Handel can apply the scorecards as a sustainable tool to achieve community engagement and fair labor practices. The scorecards are seemed to provide feedbacks and can also be used as source for data collection from stakeholders to assess energy use and other emissions. Handels sustainability scorecard is a suitable tool to measure sustainability for elaborate comprehensive corporate strategy. VI. THEORIES ABOUT CORPORATE ATTITUDES TO CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORTING Charles Handy emphasizes two main points concerning environmental and individual well-being. A business not only makes a profit but business is also expected to do something more and better. This activity becomes the actual justification for the business. Next, a company will get worse when it normally considers its employees as costs (not assets). The regularly purpose of a company is trying to minimize costs and grow assets. A good business is a community with a purpose, and a community is not something to be owned. According to Charles Handy. There are a lot of highly skilled employees, so they should be treated as assets. A good business should maintain and attract these employees to raise an efficient performance. Otherwise, Charles handy claimed that employees have contribution in production by their skills whilst stockholders have undistributed investments by their funds. Thus, a company is just fair when it pays dividends for both employees and stockholders. In fact, the company does not pay any dividends for employees and only provides more benefits of dividends for shareowner. A good company should create wealth community in workplaces to improve its performance. The company also base on the individual needs to engage its stakeholders. According to Muhammad Yuans, the purpose of social enterprises is trying to provide social responsibility to poor people who are in need of help, including revision of cheap price goods and services for poor people. A social business does not focus on profit minimization. It just serves products to everyone can use. Social enterprises provide products with cheap price to raise poor people at the bottom of the pyramid. This is also a strategy to branding and increase market consumption behavior (I. E. Deanne provides yogurt in Bangladesh). Besides, a social enterprise can reinvest what it earn in social business to increase facilities in order to provide jobs for employees in where it operates. Hence, poor people can improve their income in order to raise life level. Social business is not charity. It creates a system chain of making profits, reserving and recycling profits respectively to sustain its operation in meeting the objective of social responsibility. From Muhammad Yuans model to Charles Hands model, a corporation needs a social enterprise for balance in order to create new objectives. Social responsibility provides skills to employees organization as well as increases customers.

Reaction Essay on Global Warming

Reaction Essay on Global Warming Reaction Essay on Global Warming The major purpose of a reaction essay is to allow the writer to carefully assess his or her feelings or thoughts concerning a given topic. With this purpose in mind, the tips on writing a good reaction paper are very simple. The obvious need is to obtain a clear understanding of the phenomenon to which one is required to react. In the process, one must evaluate his or her feelings concerning that phenomenon. This involves identifying the arguments with which one concurs, and those that he/she opposes. It is also helpful for the writer to consider whether he or she agrees with related allegations. It is a fact that the world is experiencing a significant climate change, as is evident in unpredictable weather patterns. This has led to an international discussion of global warming and its threat to future existence of life on earth. For example, it is difficult to predict each year what geographic locations will experience rainfall and to what extent. Additionally, ice caps are melting, resulting in the rise of the sea level in some low-laying land areas, many of these highly populated with people. Furthermore, for the past couple of years, world media has aired news of huge wildfires in a number of locations world-wide. Moreover, deadly heat waves are occurring more frequently. Severe storms have also been witnessed in various parts of the world, causing loss of human lives and destruction of property. In addition, severe droughts that had hitherto never been experienced are becoming commonplace in many countries. These are concrete examples that global warming is a real threat . With these concerns in mind, scientists have warned that mankind is to experience more serious consequences if immediate action is not taken to address the issue of global warming. One  incontestable fact is that global warming is presently occurring. How else can one explain the alarming rise in the earth’s temperature, if it is not because of global warming? The trend of rising temperatures is clear, at least by observing the standard surface temperature all over the world. Before the start of the millennium, the situation was relatively better than it presently is. Rainfall was pretty predictable, and surface temperature was generally lower than has been witnessed since 2000. This observation is sufficient to validate the hypothesis that global warming is bound to continue if the present patterns of human activity do not change in such a manner has to alleviate the problem. The implication is that human beings are the major cause of global warming. While governments in every nation have imposed environmental safety standards on manufactures and industries, it is regrettable that very few companies strictly observe such legislation. Industrial emissions are known to overload the atmosphere with too much carbon dioxide, which in turns traps heat, thereby driving the earth’s temperature up. Apart from industrial activities, human activities such as deforestation generate huge carbon dioxide emissions, particularly in tropical countries. Since evidence strongly indicates human beings are the cause of global warming, the inference is that human beings can slow down global warming and its damaging effects. Through collaborative efforts, the world’s nations can take immediate action to lower carbon an emission, consequently decelerating the pace at which global warming occurs. This action is of utmost urgency and importance since it determines the viability of future generations. Success in minimizing global warming can only be achieved by involving everyone. For instance, elected leaders must be put under pressure to pass necessary legislation. At the individual level, proper waste disposal must be practiced. Tips on reaction essay writing: To compose a good reaction essay on any topic, the writer needs to conduct some research on that topic. For example, if you are not fully aware of the causes and effects of global warming and how it impacts mankind, you would need to read some studies before writing a reaction essay on global warming. Otherwise, how do you know what your thoughts are on the topic? Do not forget to take notes as you read and to develop an outline for your paper. This will make the writing process go smoother and easier for you. To finalize your essay, you might read the reaction essay aloud, listening for correctness in grammar and word choice, as well as organization of ideas. Visit our essay writing service to order a custom essay on any global warming topics. will provide you with professional essay help at affordable rates.

The main EU regulatory to the financial crisis Essay

The main EU regulatory to the financial crisis - Essay Example The German government and regulators in the finance industry requested the European Commission to bail them out within six months after the crisis began. The bailout of 9 billion Euros was granted and was directed at the IKB German Bank (Grote, & Marauhn, 2006). Furthermore, the governments of other member countries of the European Union pumped in capital within their financial institutions. Examples included the Northern Rock bank located in the United Kingdom. The fast pace of the spread of the financial crisis was not unexpected since most of the securitized United States debt was originated for distribution to European investors and institutions. To this end, the financial crisis that affected the European Union is blamed on the business model of â€Å"originate-to-distribute† that is synonymous with U.S banks (Mattoo & SauveÃŒ , 2003). Evidently, the large international financial institution adopted this model which allowed the institutions to increase their lending powe r without disrupting the set capital standards by regulators. Moreover, this model created instruments such as credit default swaps, mortgages guaranteed by securities, and debt obligation that was collateralized. In this regard, such instruments played a part in exploiting weaknesses evident in financial regulatory structures. In addition, under-written mortgages and securities, insufficient coordination within national regulatory bodies, and regulatory arbitrage by the regulators all played a role in undermining the regulatory structures.

Obtain a copy of the annual report for Intercontinental Hotel Group Coursework

Obtain a copy of the annual report for Intercontinental Hotel Group PLC for the year ended 31 December 2011 - Coursework Example Financial performance and position of the Group â€Å"The big picture is 9 hotel brands, over 153 million guests annually, more than 672,000 rooms in over 4,500 hotels in nearly 100 countries and territories around the world† (IHG website, 2012), The nine renowned brands being Intercontinental Hotels & Resorts, Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts, Hotel Indigo, Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts, Holiday Inn Express, Staybridge Suites, Candlewood Suites, EVEN Hotels, Hualuxe Hotels and Resorts. Performance of the Brands The performance of all the brands during 2011 compared to the previous year has improved (Exhibit – I). Total gross revenue has increased by 8% to 20.2 bn in 2011 compared to $18.7 bn in 2010 for the group as a whole. Exhibit - I $ in bn. However, the performance in terms of cost and profitability in respect of the brands could not be worked for comparison due to inadequacy of details furnished in this respect. Performance can be analyzed with reference to classific ation of the business into Franchised, Managed and Owned & Leased. 12 months ended 31 December in $m 2011 2010 % Change Revenue Franchised 502 465 8.0 Managed 124 119 4.2 Owned and leased 204 223 (8.5) Total 830 807 2.9 Operating profit before exceptional items Franchised 431 392 9.9 Managed 52 21 147.6 Owned and leased 17 13 30.8 500 4 26 17.4 Regional overheads (49) (57) 14.0 Total Operating Profit 451 369 22.2 It could be observed that operating profits vary considerably due to incidence of expenses and overheads at varying levels. For example, in franchised revenue is up by 8% and operating profit is up by 9.9%, where as in managed hotels it is 4.2% and 147.6% and owned & leased hotels (-) 8.5% and 30% respectively . Key Performance Indicators The key performance indicators measure the group’s progress in the business. The KPIs over the past three years and their growth have been good. Year 2009 2010 2011 Net Rooms Supply 632325 0647161 658348 Gross Revenue ($ bn) 16.8 18 .7 20.2 CSR (Green engage hotels) 911 1122 1722 2011 2010 Earnings per share (EPS) 1.30 0.98 Revenue per available room: Revenue per available room is up by 6.2%. (Annual Report, p. 2) The Group’s reportable segments segmental information The reportable segments in the business have been classified based on the geographical locations of the hotels. There are five segments viz. Americas, Europe, AMEA (Asia Middle East and Africa) and Greater China and the central segment. Operating profit has increased in all the geographical segments. Since the central segment carries the burden of general support services provided by it to all the segments, the figures are not comparable. RevPAR growth in the Americas at 7.5% and Europe at 4.7% respectively has contributed significantly for the overall performance of the business. It is important to note that gross revenue includes revenue related to Franchised, Managed and Owned & Leased. 2011 2010 % Change % Change in revenue Operating Pro fit Americas 451 369 2.2 2.9 Europe 104 78 33.3 2.4 AMEA 84 82 2.4 1.4 Greater China 67 54 24.1 15.2 Central (147) (139) (5.8) 7.7 Operating Profit Before Exceptional Items 559 444 25.9 8.6 It could be observed that as in the case of franchised, managed and owned and leased classification of the business, % change in operating profit is inconsistent with the % change in revenue due to incidence of expenses and overheads in different reportable segments at varying levels. Impact of exceptional items on profitability The operating profit

Community Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Community Service - Essay Example After liaising with the Imam, we agreed that the best time to do the cleaning was on Sunday at two o'clock. This was after the lunchtime prayers. With the help of my friends, I tried to clean everything in the mosque. Although the mosque was in relatively good condition when I started, I noticed that there were certain things needed to be improved. With the help of my parents and the savings I had, I managed to complete this task successfully. In the end, after I had made the renovations I thought would benefit the mosque, I organized a small party for all the worshippers. By engaging in this activity, I was able to gain firsthand experience in working with people. This is the main objective of this course whose main emphasis on experiential learning through community service. Engaging in community service helps an individual contribute to the society by offering the expertise and knowledge he has. This course emphasizes the need to offer such services without expecting payment or an y form of personal benefit. Community service is aimed at benefiting the larger society. I believe I managed to achieve these objectives by carrying participating in this activity. In the end, engaging in this activity was satisfying and made me feel appreciated by the community as the whole. Helping to clean the mosque helped to promote peace since a dirty environment can be a source of stress. Everyone at the mosque showed respect, and this was very inspiring to me and gave me the drive to do more in future.

Scarlet Letter Interpretation

Scarlet Letter Interpretation Qu 5: ‘†¦they had begun to look upon the scarlet letter as the token, not of that one sin, for which she had borne so long and dreary a penance, but of her many good deed since what does the Scarlet letter teach us on the subject of meaning and interpretation? It is perhaps unheard of and a little strange that one could actually consider the very letter ‘A within the story of ‘The Scarlet Letter to be considered the main character within Hawthornes tale. However it is due to this very letter that the entire tale of Hester unfolds. After reading the tale of Hester and her ascent from tainted woman to what can only be called a liberated if somewhat damaged soul it is hard to pin point the exact meaning of the letter ‘A .It is a letter as ambiguous as it sounds for it leaves open an entire dictionary of words to interpret its meaning. In a story that deals with the breakdown of the puritan society beliefs through a woman whose punishment for adultery is to wear a red letter upon her clothing it is easy to see how one can suppose the tale of ‘The scarlet letter to be one centering around Hester herself and yet it is perhaps the very ending of the ‘The scarlet letter ‘It bore device, a heralds wording of which may serve for motto and brief description of our now concluded legend; so sombre is it, and relieved only by one ever-glowing point of light gloomier than the shadow: ‘ON A FIELD, SABLE, THE LETTER A, GULES that beholds the true central subject of the ‘The Scarlet letter. That is, the very letter itself being the main protagonist leaving Hester to portray a rather small if catalytic part of the novel providing no more than a mere insight into the true meaning of the many and sometimes abstract meanings of the letter. Through out the ‘Scarlet letter the reader is presented with a selection of characters within the Puritan community, which come to view and relate to the scarlet letter in their own different ways. For example at the beginning of the novel the old puritan women of the community regard it as what is the general opinion at the time of Hesters release from prison. That of a symbol of sin and shame. Hester herself provides her own interpretation by weaving a letter whose appearance could only but reflect her own rebellious nature within the puritan society. Within and throughout the novel the scarlet letter takes on and changes many forms so as to leave the reader in a somewhat bewildered and confused state of mind. The beginning of the novel sees the puritan society regard the letter as the proof of sin made visible to all eyes to both punish Hester whilst at the same time serve as a warning. Yet as the tale progresses the meaning of the letter changes and transforms to create a whole different meaning around it. If the major characteristic of the symbol is its enigmatic nature, it is not surprising that the question of its understanding should be of major importance. Yet perhaps in order to begin understanding the true meaning of the Scarlet letter we must first look towards Hawthorns ‘The Custom-house where in the Scarlet letter is described as a ‘mystic symbol, subtly conveying itself to my sensibilities, but evading the analysis of my mind. As a romantic symbol, the scarlet letter appeals to both intellect and sensitivity. However, the interpretative process as Hawthorne presents it in The Scarlet Letter is complex, and the link between feeling and understanding is far less direct than it may seem at first sight. Although the idea of intuitive comprehension may be considered as an ideal, Hawthornes pragmatism leads him to qualify it and to take into account the impact of social conventions on the understanding of the symbol. This is evident when Hawthorn describes the feeling of ‘burning heat as he picks up the letter and how it appeared that the letter was not altogether made of simple red cloth but was much rather like ‘a red hot iron, yet Hawthorne goes on to conclude that even so without any knowledge of the letter past and origins it was to then remain a riddle. Hawthornes ‘The scarlet letter which then goes on to try and give voice to the letter found in the common house is no more than a possib le insight into the many interpretations available regarding the letter itself, perhaps then leaving the reader more mystified than ever. Martin Terence within ‘Nathanial Hawthorne claims that Hawthorne seems to say, this is a scarlet letter; because of that, it is capable of further meaning. The letter will have to carry the burden of the tale. Hawthornes use of symbolism is fully developed in the multi-meanings hidden in the scarlet letter through a variety of characters. The scarlet letter represents different ideals to different people and should be given the proper consideration. For the puritans the scarlet letter symbolised the sign of a sinner whose moral obligation towards the community was to portray the mark of sinner to both shame and warn. Giving up her individuality, she would become the general symbol at which the preacher and moralist might point, and in which they might vivify and embody their images of womans frailty and sinful passion. Thus the young and pure would be taught to look at her, with the scarlet letter flaming on her breast, [†¦] as the figure, the body, the reality of sin. (71-72) Through the above extract one can easily see the firm belief the Puritans held that was that through her actions Hester had disgraced not only herself but the entire community. Their belief in that Hester is to take responsibility for her actions is not however carried out in the manner they had originally hoped. Hester may carry out her punishment silently and diligently yet the outcome is not the one the Puritans had foreseen, for Hesters sin grows from that of passion to one of principle. On the other hand towards the Reverend Arthur Dimmersdale the letter takes on a whole new meaning. He regards the letter as a constant reminder of the sin and cowardice that plaque him. As time goes past this guilt constantly grows as he finds himself unable to take responsibility for his actions. The action he takes of standing upon the scaffold at night is merely one of the signs of his ever increasing guilt. It could even be claimed that his inability to like Hester wear the Scarlet letter tur ns out to be his downfall as by the end of the novel Dimmersdale dies. Whilst on the other hand it could also be claimed that Hesters ability to wear the scarlet letter proves to be her salvation for although she does not forget or dismiss the original purpose of the letter she is however able to through the letters ability to deem her a social outcast to be left alone behind the symbol to both develop and grow as a character. Terence claims that Hester comes to view the letter as ‘an armour of pride that is also a mantle of suffering. Her isolation from the rest of the community and the downfall of her place within society can be seen as her mantle of suffering whilst her armour of pride resides in Hesters own beliefs that her act of adultery was rooted in the love she felt for Dimmersdale as well as her own love of Pearl. Hesters secret serves as an â€Å"emblem† of different fates of the Puritan generation. â€Å"Hawthorne seems to adorn the subject rather than present it, conceal it with fancy needlework, so that the letter A might have been thought to mean†¦anything other than adulteress†. He portrays the guilt as craftwork, which he attributes to Hesters prototype: â€Å"sporting with her infamy, the lost and desperate creature had embroidered the fatal token with golden thread and the nicest art of needlework. The Scarlet Letter is concerned not only with passion but also with America (another possible signification of Hesters letter). â€Å"It attempts to find in the story of Hester and Dimmesdale a paradigm of the fall of love in the New World†. Pearl herself could be described as a character that function upon two levels within the narrative, both as a child and as an allegory. If then Pearl is the embodiment of the Scarlet letter itself ,then it is possible for the reader to understand Hesters own interpretation of the letter even better, for what mother could ever see her child as a sin to be ashamed of. Instead it is with and through Pearl that the letter begins its ascending course, as its meaning changes to mean both motherhood and strength. It is Pearls utter devotion and obsession with the letter that helps convey the bond between the letter and the child. They are the same, they were born through the same ‘act of sin .This is most evident when Hester removes the letter in the woods and is then forced to replace it when Pearl refuses to acknowledge her without it. The incident is vital in conveying the bond between the letter and the child. As the living manifestation of the letter, Pearl refuses to have it dis carded. It is here that critic Stephanie Carrez puts forward the notion that here it should be said that through Pearl we can see the danger of Hesters ability to change the letters meaning and interpretation. This is seen when Hester does not comply with the educational values prescribed by Scriptural authority. This echoes the discussion set by the author on the market place as Hester steps out of the prison door, where one of the women within the crowd voices â€Å"This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die; is there not law for it?   Truly there is, both in the Scripture and the statute-book. Then let the magistrates, who have made it of no effect, thank themselves if their own wives and daughters go astray. â€Å"Hester should have died, since such is the law, both in the Scripture and the statute-book†. Carrez goes on to explain that If the punishment chosen is for her to wear the letter, it does not represent the letter of the law, but rather its spirit; although the letter is supposed to be fatal,† Hester will nevertheless live. The interpretation of the symbol entails social consequences, and Hawthorne is highly aware of its dangers. Interpreting words is potentially dangerous: is not the disappearance of the word adultery the best proof of the subversive power of the artist? Even so the many interpretations of the Scarlet letter all stem out of the most common symbol found by readers and that being â€Å"adultery†. Although the letter contains various interpretations, it proves to serve only one purpose: that being to make Hesters sin of adultery known to everyone. The letter is the revolving element throughout the novel. As a consequence of such a use of symbols, no definite truth can be established, and truth itself becomes an uncertain concept. The resulting ambiguity of Hawthornes texts is at the same time a force and a weakness. Hawthorne thus seems to linger over the consequences of using the scarlet letter as a romantic symbol. If scattered and particular visions must be assembled to represent the truth, along romantic lines, he refuses to adopt the radical idea of totally subjective truth, and even sometimes mocks the possibility to do so. The multiplication of possible interpretations is at the same time an artistic necessity and a metaphysical and social threat, and this constitutes one of the keystones of Hawthornes ambiguity. The modern aesthetic interrogation about writing, and about the role of the reader in the construction of a truthful meaning, unsettled Hawthornes faith in his own work, but provided the modern reader with one of the best examples of the power of art.

Gun Control Laws Take Guns Away from Law-abiding Citizens Essay

Gun control is a very big issue in the United States today. Many people don't agree with the gun control laws that they have today. Gun control laws only take guns away from law-abiding citizens. Many people have their own reasons for owning a gun. Why would the government want to make it harder for people to own a gun? People that own guns are not very likely to be attacked by criminals. Owning a handgun is one of the best ways of protection. The second amendment states "the right to bear arms" does this grant everyone a right to own a gun? Gun control laws have not been proven to do anything for citizens. Gun control laws just make it harder for a good guy to own a gun. Gun control laws are not a good idea. Gun control only takes guns away from law- abiding citizens and it does nothing to stop criminals from buying illegal guns, who are unlikely to obey the law and register their guns (Long 45). In many cases the term gun control is improperly used. The definition of gun control is; government regulation of possession and use of firearms by private citizens (Zimring 23). The government is using it as way to take our right to bear arms. There are many reasons that people want to own a gun. One of the main reasons that people own a gun is protection. In a survey given about guns, " self defense" was the primary reason for owning a gun (Nisbet 114). Guns provide a great source of psychological reassurance even among citizens who are not especially concerned about the fear of crime of being victimized (Long 53). The right of self-defense and the right to use firearms for defense of self and family are the cornerstone of individual rights enumerated in the U.S. constitution (Nisbet 89). Why does the government ... ...r when they own a gun. The second amendment clearly states "the right to bear arms" doesn't let the government try to change that. Don't let gun control laws fool the public, because they have not been proven to reduce crime at all. So go out and buy a gun before that right is taken away. Eventually guns might just be a thing of the past. So practice your right to protect your country and vote against gun control any time that you can. Work Cited Page Long, Robert. Gun Control. New York: H.W. Wilson co, 1989. Nisbet, Lee. The Gun Control Debate: You Decide. New York: Prometheus, 1990 Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins. The Citizens Guide to Gun Control. New York: Macmillan, 1987 Zimring, Franklin E. "Gun Control" The World Book Encyclopedia. 1995 ed. Media WatchÂâ€"June 1997 "Gun Rights Forces Outgunned on T.V." 23, April 1999

Ethical Issues in Pharmacy Research

Ethical Issues in Pharmacy Research Reflection There is abundant evidence showing how easy it is to exploit individuals in the history of medical research in the twentieth century. It was not until the early 1960s when the public began to take notice of the ethical neglect that researchers had for their subjects.The exposure of gross abuses in medical research generated a public furor that was finally noticed by those who administered research funding which enabled changes to policy to begin to take place such as the Declaration of Helsinki which addressed the issue of independent review of research protocols by a committee not associated with the project. It is enough to make one sick when you look at the unethical medical research that has taken place in the United States alone. In the name of â€Å"research† there has taken place many clinical experiments that have been done unethically.In the 1940s several â€Å"research† studies where done using either patients fro m state insane asylums or from prisons. These studies ranged from injecting patients with experimental flu vaccines to malaria and hepatitis. All of these studies were federally funded. The â€Å"Nuremberg Code† was established as a set of international rules to protect human test subjects after the prosecution of Nazi doctors in 1947. However, many American doctors ignored them, arguing that they applied to Nazi atrocities, not to research they were doing.By the 1960s, more than half of the states allowed for prisoners to be used as human guinea pigs for medical research. However, two studies would come to light in the 1960s which would turn public attitude about the use of humans in research. The first study was done at Brooklyn’s Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in New York. 1 The researchers injected cancer cells into 19 old, debilitated patients to see if their bodies would reject them. The patients were not told what they were being injected with because the resea rchers believed the cells harmless.However, a lawyer who was on the hospital board was upset over the research which led to the state investigating. The second study was done over three years at Willowbrook State School where mentally retarded children were given hepatitis to see if they could then be cured. 2 Then in 1972, the Tuskegee experiment sparked extensive critical media coverage and public outrage. 3 The Tuskegee experiment took place from 1942 to 1972 in Macon County, Alabama. About 400 poor, black men were used under false pretentions by the U.S. Public Health Service. These men were illiterate sharecroppers that were never told what disease they were suffering from or where they give treatment for syphilis. They were deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of syphilis in the name of research. The public was very sensitive to this type of research due to the publicity that the crimes committed by the Nazi doctors had received. When awareness arose that our own government was capable of carrying out unethical experimentation, fear arose.This led to Federal regulations to express the social values and concerns of the people. The first regulation was the National Research Act in 1974 which established the research proposal with informed consent. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) was also established with this act. The purpose of the IRB is to protect the rights and welfare of research subjects. This is an institution –specific board that is made up of at least 5 individuals of which one must be a nonscientist and one being a member from the public community.To be able to establish the safety and efficacy of a therapy it is necessary to do clinical research. So what is the correct pathway to obtain a patient’s consent in a clinical research project? The National Institute of Health (NIH) requires that clinical testing be done before a product license for that treatment can be given. However, the patient is being put at risk o f any unknown side-effects by taking part in a clinical trial. So how can we protect patients? The strongest protection for patients is his or her consent.According to the NIH website, â€Å"informed consent explains risks and potential benefits about a clinical trial before someone decides whether to participate. † 4 When the researcher obtains consent they are respecting the patient and enabling them to self-governing plus upholding the principle of respect for persons. IRBs have been a good standard for ethical research; however with the advancing fields of research in genetics, reproduction, and neurology, it may be time to develop more regulations.There are four basic principles of medical bioethics. These are autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Autonomy comes from the Ancient Greek which means self-law. It is the ability of an individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision. Justice means to give all persons what is due to them that can refer to tre atment and education. Beneficence refers taking actions that sever the best interests of the patient. And finally, but not least the principle of non-maleficence means to avoid causing harm to the patient.These four principles must be firmly ingrained into the medical research process for the safety and well-being of the patients. As Christians in the medical profession and involved in research we must ensure that we are upholding not only the NIH requirements but also what the Bible teaches us about the sanctity of life. Research is an important part of furthering the well-being of human life but we cannot let it be done at the expense of other humans.As upcoming professionals in the field we need to develop a firm Christian worldview and be not ashamed to stand up for what we know to be moral and ethical. We also need to educate our peers as such as when tainted unethical research is allowed to take place it reflects poorly on the entire medical profession. 1. http://www. columbia . edu/itc/history/rothman/COL476I5027. pdf 2. http://willowbrookstateschool. blogspot. com/p/history. html 3. â€Å"The Deadly Deception† http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ofiOzzfKK84 4. http://www. nih. gov/health/clinicaltrials/glossary. htm

Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay Example

Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay Example Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay Abstraction This survey examines the perceptual experiences and behavior of Adolescents influence in household determination devising in different household fortunes and what merchandises are more influenced through the kid more than the grownups. The research findings are based on different diary articles that show how much power kids have in the determination doing procedure based on different members of the household perceptual experiences and how they get their message across on what they want through alliances or entirely on their ain. In footings of household types ; single-parent and step-families are increasing in today s society compared to integral households. It s now non unusual for parent s to disassociate and travel on with person else. This will do an impact on the kid s function in household purchase determination devising. Bing a kid in a single-parent household suggests that they have more power in the family whereas being a member of an integral household can do break as there are many people to delight in that family. However, in many fortunes the parent s perceptual experiences do non ever agree with the kid s sentiment. A figure of accounts and illustrations for this are given. Introduction For a long clip, Adolescents have played an of import function throughout household purchase determinations, with their capableness to hold an impact to straight and indirectly act upon the determinations households make when buying merchandises. ( Thomson, Laing, A ; McKee, 2007 ) . This is put into pattern throughout all different types of households, whether it is an integral household of 4, a household three, a individual parent household of 1 or a mix matched household doing it a step-family. This means the perceptual experiences on adolescent influence in determination doing depend on what household the kid belongs to. Adolescent behavior is besides of import when the kid makes an input into the determinations of purchase devising. Coalition being the behavior type writers focused on as kids recognized a frequent demand for a purchase between more than one household member and in the terminal created a alliance ( Thomson, Laing, A ; McKee, 2007 ) . These include different me mbers of the household working together with the kid in order to do a stronger influence on household determinations whether it is a parent or a sibling. Children hence play a portion in household determination doing no affair how large or little and the merchandises in inquiry can change from food markets to vacations. Junk nutrients, playthings, childs apparels and accoutrements for school are a few of the chief merchandises that kids have been known to hold a strong influence on. ( Mangleburg T. F. , 1990 ) . Research on how much influence kids have on certain merchandises will besides be explored. Children s Behaviour -When and how do they act upon purchasing? Children constitute a immense secondary market by act uponing household purchases ( McNeal, 2008 ) . Equally shortly as kids have established the construct of utilizing communicating accomplishments to do demands, they are so more involved in doing an influence in household determination devising. ( Furnham, 1998 ) , demoing that from the minute they can speak, they will automatically hold an influence on purchasing foregrounding the fact that kids are going a important portion to the household determination doing procedure on purchases at an early age. The most of import behavior for a kid when they influence determination devising is the usage of cognition and information. When contemplating kid purchase power, research shows that this is known as a uniting subject ( Thomson, Laing, A ; McKee, 2007 ) . To acquire a kid to take part in the determination phase of purchasing, cognition is a great beginning as it points out the inventiveness or experiences that the kids have when a purchase is carried out by a household ( Thomson, Laing, A ; McKee, 2007 ) . Information is besides of import as it shows whether the kid knows about the merchandises in inquiry or non. Knowledge and Information is a important function in warranting the kid s pick of merchandises and is the chief factor on how they influence on the purchasing phase. Parents can make up ones mind whether the kid s grounds are adequate to purchase the merchandise in inquiry through their cognition and information. Studies show that tonss of parents encourage the usage of cognition and information and are foreseen feature of some household determination devising ( Thomson, Laing, A ; McKee, 2007 ) . How do alliances impact striplings determination on buying? Coalition behavior involves at least two members of a household to acquire together to organize an confederation to act upon the terminal determination of a purchase within a household. This procedure is frequently termed majority regulation ( Pearson, 1989 ) . Majority regulation may hold a bigger impact than merely the kid s influence ; therefore a kid may organize a alliance with another household member to do their influence have more of an impact on the concluding determination of the purchase. However, there have been writers that convey this as icky behavior. ( Sheth, 1974 ) and ( Belch et al. 1980 ) felt that alliance would be few and far in between. Alliances can come in different signifiers: Mother and kid, Father and kid or if there is more than one kid, siblings could acquire together. This can profit the kid as one parent might be easy persuaded into giving the kid what they want and more apprehension of the kid s demands. It was distinguished that a important figure o f alliances occurred between female parents and girls than female parents and boies reasoning that when the same-sex members of a household unite to act upon a determination on a merchandise that they have more power than what different-sex members would ( Beatty A ; Talpade 1994 ) . This would propose that girls had more opportunity of holding a stronger influence in the household family compared to boies when they both wanted to convert their female parent of buying a merchandise. Family Triads Should the kid have an input? Before purchasing merchandises for any household, there is a determination devising procedure that they must believe about in order to come to a reasoning determination on what to buy if they have kids. This involves three phases of determination devising ; garnering information, negociating within the household and the overall determination on what to purchase. Family threes are found to differ in their perceptual experiences of adolescent influence on both a broad choice of merchandises and general influence in household determination processes. Mothers, male parents and kids all, nevertheless agree that kids have some influence in purchase determinations for a assortment of merchandises. Previous research has put frontward the fact that two household members can differ in measuring purchase determination influence ( Burns A ; Hopper 1985 ) . Each member of the household three had different sentiments on how much power the kid really has when make up ones minding on buying a merch andise in surveies shown in the Journal of Consumer Research. Out of 161 households from North Western Towns, The kids themselves agreed that they have influence when shopping with parents, proposing shops, trade names and merchandises, paying attending to new merchandises and larning the best bargain. Mothers and Fathers besides agreed to some extent that the kid had general influence on these factors when purchasing merchandises. However, proposing the monetary value was one of the factors that all three members of the household agreed that the kid does non hold influence on the monetary value of merchandises ( Foxman, Tansuhaj, A ; Ekstrom, 1989 ) . This concludes that non merely does the kids themselves think they have influence throughout the determination doing procedure on merchandises but the other members of the household besides agree that kids should hold their say. Overall, household members sing adolescent purchase determination influence came to the decision that: Fam ilies that agreed on the same degree of kids s influence had older male parents, a concept-oriented household communicating manner, less kids, and a female parent who was a homemaker. This would propose that a household three allow their kid have more influence than a household with more kids would. Other household types does the kid have more power in a single-parent household? There are different types of households where a kid can act upon on household determination devising when purchasing merchandises. Family threes are one but there are besides single-parent and step households. Integral households can besides hold more than one kid significance there are more kids to hold an influence on the determination devising. There has been a growing in rapid societal alteration over the old ages where parents are disassociating, kids are populating with lone one of their parents or populating with people that are from another household due to one of the parents falling in love with person else. The more a household has differences, the more likely they will hold to confront troubles when doing of import determinations as consumers ( californium. Rindfleisch, Burroughs, and Denton 1997 ) . Children gain their cognition and information through events such as traveling to school, eating out and engineering. However, their household members are one of the most of i mport beginnings a kid could perchance hold through their period of consumer acquisition ( Moschis and Churchill 1978 ; Moschis and Moore 1979 ; Ward 174 ) . This contributes to the fact that kids grow up surrounded by their household ; hence they learn from their female parents, male parents or an older sibling. Depending on what household type the kid belongs to, there will be a different degree of how much influence they have. Surveies ( Darley and Lim 1986 ) show that kids in single-parent households had greater influence in a household outing determination than did kids in dual-parent households, but did non determine between integral and step-families. If a kid has to convert two parents, it may be hard as they will both hold different sentiments on merchandises or will hold the same sentiment which will overturn the kid, hence a kid s influence in a single-parent family will be much stronger as there are less people to convert and the bond between the kid and parent will be s tronger as they have went through certain fortunes to stop up on their ain. Two parents can fall in forces to endorse up each other when they do nt hold with the kid s influence when buying a merchandise ( Mangleburg, Grewal, A ; Bristol, 1999 ) . This will do the kids s influence weaker compared to the single-parent family which appears to be much stronger. A single-parent family is seen as the household type to allow the kid have a stronger influence on determination devising when buying merchandises as the kid merely has one parent to make their parental responsibilities which means the parent will hold failings in parental control and happen it hard to be the foreman all the clip intending the kid will hold more independency and equal rights to act upon to equilibrate out the household ( Dornbusch et al. 1985 ; Hetherington 1988 ; Thomson, McLanahan, and Curtin 1992 ) . Family type does hold an impact on striplings influence on determination devising and specifically, kids in single-parent households had greater influence in both types of determinations as compared with kids in measure households and integral households ( Mangleburg, Grewal, A ; Bristol, 1999 ) . Merchandises kids have more influence on Junk nutrients, playthings, childs apparels and accoutrements for school are a few of the chief merchandises that kids have been known to hold a strong influence on ( Mangleburg T. F. , 1990 ) . This information suggests that kids have more power over merchandises and services that they will be sing themselves as kids tend to hold more of an influence in merchandise subdivisions that are most important to the kids themselves ( Beatty and Talpade, 1994 ) . Contrasting, kids do nt hold much of an influence on determination devising for merchandises that are expensive and non used merely by the kid ( Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b ) . Expensive points such as autos, Television s and furniture are non influenced as much by kids as these as more expensive bargain. The grownups of the family feel they have more influence on bigger merchandises that will impact the whole of the household. Surveies from the Journal of Consumer Research ( Foxman, Tansuhaj, A ; Ekstrom, 1989 ) back this up as ou t of 161 households from North Western Towns, Both the parents and kids feel that the parents should hold more say overall on merchandises such as Home computing machines, autos, furniture and overseas telegram Television. It appears that kids do hold a strong influence when it comes to determination devising in the household based on buying merchandises. However, the kid s influence on certain merchandises is weaker than the parents due to the monetary value and who uses the merchandise. Although some research has found next to nil child influence for bigger, household bargains, others have found higher degrees of influence than was foreseen by earlier research ( Foxman A ; Tansuhaj 1988 ; Lee and Beatty 2002 ) . Family vacations and events that see the household come together to hold merriments are other purchase determinations that kids can play a portion in influencing ( Mangleburg T. F. , 1990 ) . These merchandises are seen as expensive and a dainty for all the household, thi s shows that some writers may happen that kids do nt hold much influence on expensive merchandises whereas others will happen kids do hold influence on merchandises more expensive than apparels and nutrient. Grocery shopping within different households It has been proven that kids have more influence on nutrient shopping than expensive bargains in the last subdivision of this reappraisal. It has besides been proven that kids have different degrees of influence in different household types whether it is a single-parent or dual-parent household. Studies show even though kids have a strong influence on buying nutrient, the degree of influence differs depending on what household the kid belongs to. Children in single-parent households are more likely to take portion in household undertakings, such as traveling shopping than other kids do in bigger households with their parent s relationship still integral. ( Weiss 1979 ; Taylor, Glynn, and Taylor 1985 ; Peters 1985 ) . This would propose that the kid in the single-parent household will take part more in act uponing what is bought for the food market store compared to the dual-parent household where there are more people to act upon what is bought. Summary and decision Adolescents influence the determination doing procedure in the household when buying merchandises. However, there are different degrees of influence and this depends on what household type the kid belongs to as this has an consequence on how the parents relationship with the kid helps or hinders on how much influence the kid has when the determination devising procedure is being done when purchasing new merchandises differing from food markets, apparels and vacations. The reappraisal helped come to the decision that the most of import behavior for a kid when they influence determination devising is the usage of cognition and information. Knowledge and Information is a important function in warranting the kid s pick of merchandises and is the chief factor on how they influence on the purchasing phase. It has been discovered that a kid s influence entirely on their ain against both parents can sometimes be overruled by the parents. This is when the kid forms a alliance to acquire more support to derive a stronger influence on the determination doing procedure It was distinguished that a important figure of alliances occurred between female parents and girls than female parents and boies reasoning that when the same-sex members of a household unite to act upon a determination on a merchandise that they have more power than what different-sex members would ( Beatty A ; Talpade 1994 ) . This reappraisal suggested that different household types determined the degree of influence the kid had, this included single-parent households, triad households and measure households. However, female parents, male parents and kids all agreed that kids play a portion in act uponing a figure of merchandises in purchase determinations ( Foxman, Tansuhaj, A ; Ekstrom, 1989 ) . Products that kids have more influence on were besides researched. Findingss suggest that merchandises that are really used by the kid themselves and non expensive were found to be the merchandises kids had m ore influence on whereas kids have been found to hold less influence on determinations doing for merchandises that are more expensive and are non merely used by the kid themselves ( Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b ) . Grocery shopping is another group of merchandises that kids have influence on and the degree of influence depends on what household type they belong to. It was found that kids belonging to the single-parent household have more influence than kids in a dual-parent household. Overall there are different degrees of influence a kid has when the household are doing determinations and it all depends on household types, kids behaviour and the merchandises in inquiry.